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69 topics · A0 → C1

Finnish Grammar

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Grammar

39

Phonology

2
A0

Vowel Harmony

Vokaaliharmonia

Front (ä, ö, y) vs. back (a, o, u) vowels in word endings

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A1

Consonant Gradation (KPT)

Astevaihtelu (KPT)

Strong/weak grade alternation of k, p, t in inflection

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Cases

15
A0

Nominative Case

Nominatiivi

Basic form of nouns, subject of sentence

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A1

Genitive Case

Genetiivi

Possession, object of certain verbs

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A1

Partitive Case

Partitiivi

Partial quantity, indefinite objects, negation

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A1

Inessive Case

Inessiivi

Location inside something (-ssa/-ssä)

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A2

Elative Case

Elatiivi

Movement out from inside (-sta/-stä)

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A1

Illative Case

Illatiivi

Movement into something (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

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A1

Adessive Case

Adessiivi

Location on surface, possession (-lla/-llä)

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Ablative Case

Ablatiivi

Movement from surface (-lta/-ltä)

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Allative Case

Allatiivi

Movement onto surface (-lle)

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Essive Case

Essiivi

State or role (-na/-nä)

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Translative Case

Translatiivi

Change of state, becoming (-ksi)

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A2

Accusative (Pronouns Only)

Akkusatiivi (pronomineissa)

Pronoun object forms minut, sinut, hänet, meidät, teidät, heidät, kenet

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B2

Instructive Case

Instruktiivi

Means/manner with -in, plural only (jaloin, omin silmin)

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B2

Abessive Case

Abessiivi

“Without” with -tta/-ttä (rahatta, työttä)

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B2

Comitative Case

Komitatiivi

“Together with” with -ine-, always plural (vaimoineen)

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Verbs

7
A1

Verb Types 1–6

Verbityypit 1–6

The six Finnish verb conjugation classes and their stems

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A1

Verb Conjugation

Verbien taivutus

Correct verb forms for different persons

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A2

Verb Tenses

Aikamuodot

Present, past, perfect, pluperfect usage

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B1

Passive Voice

Passiivi

Impersonal and passive constructions

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Conditional Mood

Konditionaali

Would/could expressions (-isi-)

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Imperative Mood

Imperatiivi

Commands and requests

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B2

Potential Mood

Potentiaali

-ne- mood expressing possibility/uncertainty (lienee, tullee)

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Morphology

6
A2

Possessive Suffixes

Possessiivisuffiksit

Suffixes -ni, -si, -nsa/-Vn, -mme, -nne after case endings

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A2

Plural Forms

Monikko

T-plural and i-plural; partitive plural -ja/-jä, -ita/-itä

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B1

Object Cases (Total vs. Partitive)

Objektin sijat

Choosing partitive vs. total object based on aspect and result

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B1

Participles (NUT, VA, TU, TAVA, MA)

Partisiipit (NUT, VA, TU, TAVA, MA)

Active/passive past and present participles, agent participle

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B1

Infinitives (1st – 5th)

Infinitiivit

A-, E- (II), MA- (III), MINEN (IV), MAISILLA (V) infinitives

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A1

Numerals & Counting

Numeraalit

Cardinal/ordinal numerals; partitive after numbers > 1

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Syntax & Sentence Structure

9
A1

Word Order

Sanajärjestys

Correct Finnish sentence structure

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A1

Negation

Kieltolauseet

Negative sentences with ei-verb

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Question Formation

Kysymyslauseet

Question words and -ko/-kö questions

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A2

Comparatives & Superlatives

Vertailumuodot

Comparative and superlative forms

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A1

Postpositions

Postpositiot

edessä, takana, kanssa, jälkeen — usually with genitive

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A2

Clitics (-kin, -kaan, -han, -pa, -ko)

Liitepartikkelit

Sentence particles for focus, emphasis, hedging, questions

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B1

Relative Clauses

Relatiivilauseet

joka, mikä — relative pronoun and case agreement

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B1

Verb Rection

Verbien rektio

Cases required by specific verbs (tykätä jostakin, luottaa johonkin)

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B1

Colloquial Finnish (Puhekieli)

Puhekieli

mä/sä/se/ne pronouns, dropped sounds, spoken endings

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Vocabulary

15

Thematic Vocabulary

13
A2

Everyday Vocabulary

Arkisanasto

Common daily life words and expressions

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Work Vocabulary

Työsanasto

Professional and workplace terminology

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Health Vocabulary

Terveydenhoitosanasto

Medical and health-related terms

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Travel Vocabulary

Matkailusanasto

Travel and transportation terms

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A2

Family Vocabulary

Perhesanasto

Family and relationships vocabulary

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Food Vocabulary

Ruokasanasto

Food, cooking, and restaurant terms

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A2

Nature Vocabulary

Luontosanasto

Nature and environment terminology

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A2

Education Vocabulary

Opiskelusanasto

Education and study-related terms

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A2

Housing Vocabulary

Asumissanasto

Housing and living terms

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A2

Culture Vocabulary

Kulttuurisanasto

Culture, hobbies, and leisure terms

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A2

Idiomatic Expressions

Idiomit

Finnish idioms and fixed expressions

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A2

Compound Words

Yhdyssanat

Understanding and forming compound words

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A2

Loanwords

Lainasanat

Borrowed words from other languages

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Register & Style

2
B1

Formal Register

Virallinen kieli

Formal and official language style

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B1

Informal Register

Puhekieli

Colloquial and spoken Finnish

Not practiced yet
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Functions

15

Register & Style

5
B2

Formal Writing Style

Virallinen kirjoitustyyli

Appropriate formal writing conventions

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A2

Informal Writing Style

Epävirallinen kirjoitustyyli

Casual and friendly writing style

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B1

Clarity & Coherence

Selkeys ja johdonmukaisuus

Clear and logical expression

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B2

Text Structure

Tekstin rakenne

Organizing content effectively

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B2

Register Appropriateness

Rekisterin sopivuus

Using appropriate formality level

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Communication

10
B1

Expressing Opinion

Mielipiteen ilmaisu

Stating and supporting opinions

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B1

Making Requests

Pyyntöjen esittäminen

Polite and appropriate requests

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Giving Instructions

Ohjeiden antaminen

Clear directions and instructions

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Describing

Kuvaileminen

Describing people, places, things

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Narrating

Kerronta

Telling stories and events

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Comparing

Vertaileminen

Comparing options and alternatives

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Explaining

Selittäminen

Explaining reasons and processes

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Arguing

Argumentointi

Presenting and defending arguments

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Agreeing & Disagreeing

Samaa/eri mieltä oleminen

Expressing agreement or disagreement

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B1

Expressing Emotions

Tunteiden ilmaisu

Conveying feelings and emotions

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